Research

References & Sources

2988 sources, sorted alphabetically by first author. Page 13 of 50.

DiFiori, J.P., Benjamin, H.J., Brenner, J.S., et al. (2014). Overuse Injuries and Burnout in Youth Sports: A Position Statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(4), 287-288.
Cited in
- When the Team Becomes the Pressure: Coach Culture, Specialization, and Your Child's Sports Anxiety
  Consensus statement arguing that professionalization of youth sport creates adult-level psychological demands and that identity foreclosure adds vulnerability when performance dips.
Dijk, C., Voncken, M.J., & de Jong, P.J. (2009). I Blush, Therefore I Will Be Judged Negatively: Influence of False Blush Feedback on Anticipated Others' Judgments and Facial Coloration in High and Low Blushing-Fearfuls. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(7), 541-547.
Cited in
- Blushing: Why Your Face Betrays You Before You've Said a Word
  Found that individuals with high fear of blushing showed more intense facial coloration during social interactions than those with low fear, regardless of feedback condition, indicating a genuine physiological difference rather than only a perceptual one.
Dijk, C., de Jong, P.J., & Peters, M.L. (2009). The Remedial Value of Blushing in the Context of Transgressions and Mishaps. Emotion, 9(2), 287-291.
Cited in
- Blushing: Why Your Face Betrays You Before You've Said a Word
  Experimentally demonstrated that blushers are rated as more trustworthy, more prosocial, and more deserving of forgiveness after social transgressions.
Dijk, C., de Jong, P.J., & Peters, M.L. (2009). The Remedial Value of Blushing in the Context of Transgressions and Mishaps. Emotion, 9(2), 287-291.
Cited in
- The Biology of Embarrassment: Why Your Body Makes the Worst Moments Worse
  Showed that spontaneous embarrassment displays restored trust and forgiveness more effectively than deliberate displays, confirming the honest signal mechanism.
Dimidjian, S., Hollon, S.D., Dobson, K.S., et al. (2006). Randomized Trial of Behavioral Activation, Cognitive Therapy, and Antidepressant Medication in the Acute Treatment of Adults With Major Depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 658-670.
Cited in
- Behavioral Activation: Doing the Thing Before You Feel Ready
  Demonstrated that behavioral activation rivaled SSRI medication for severe depression and outperformed cognitive therapy, reinforcing the primacy of behavior change over thought change.
Dinan, T.G. & Cryan, J.F. (2017). The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 46(1), 77-89.
Cited in
- Nutrition and Anxiety
  Formalized the psychobiotic concept and identified specific bacterial strains with evidence for anxiety reduction through vagal signaling, GABA production, and HPA axis modulation.
Dindia, K. & Allen, M. (1992). Sex Differences in Self-Disclosure: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 106-124.
Cited in
- The Self-Disclosure Ladder: Sharing Something Real, Gradually
  Meta-analytically confirmed Jourard's dyadic effect, showing that disclosure reciprocity is reliable across interaction contexts and strengthens in established relationships.
Dinnel, D.L., Kleinknecht, R.A., & Tanaka-Matsumi, J. (2002). A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Social Phobia Symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24(2), 75-84.
Cited in
- The Anxiety That Changes Depending on Which Room You Walk Into: How Culture Shapes Fear
  Provided cross-cultural prevalence data showing that while social anxiety exists in all cultures studied, symptom emphasis differs substantially between Japanese and American populations.
Dishman, R.K. (1991). Increasing and maintaining exercise and physical activity. Behavior Therapy, 22(3), 345-378.
Cited in
- The 20-Minute Walk: Minimum Effective Dose of Exercise for Anxiety
  Foundational adherence research identifying perceived intensity as the single strongest predictor of exercise dropout, explaining why walking outperforms harder exercise modalities in real-world anxiety management.
Ditto, B., Eclache, M., & Goldman, N. (2006). Short-term autonomic and cardiovascular effects of mindfulness body scan meditation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 32(3), 227-234.
Cited in
- The Body Scan: Finding and Releasing Tension You Didn't Know You Had
  Established that body scan produces measurable autonomic calming (reduced heart rate and skin conductance) through passive attention alone, without requiring physical muscle manipulation like PMR.
Ditzen, B., Neumann, I.D., Bodenmann, G., von Dawans, B., Turner, R.A., Ehlert, U., Heinrichs, M. (2007). Effects of Different Kinds of Couple Interaction on Cortisol and Heart Rate Responses to Stress in Women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(5), 565-574.
Cited in
- The Need for Touch: What Happens in the Body When We're Physically Isolated
  Demonstrated that partner massage before a social stressor reduced cortisol and heart rate more effectively than verbal support alone.
Doane, L. D., & Adam, E. K. (2010). Loneliness and Cortisol: Momentary, Day-to-Day, and Trait Associations. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(3), 430-441.
Cited in
- Why Morning Dread Hits So Hard: The Body Chemistry Behind Time-of-Day Anxiety
  Demonstrated that negative evening experiences predict elevated next-morning cortisol, establishing the evening-to-morning feedback loop central to the article's practical recommendations.
Dobson, K.S., Hollon, S.D., Dimidjian, S., et al. (2008). Randomized Trial of Behavioral Activation, Cognitive Therapy, and Antidepressant Medication in the Prevention of Relapse and Recurrence in Major Depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(3), 468-477.
Cited in
- Behavioral Activation: Doing the Thing Before You Feel Ready
  Two-year follow-up showing BA and CT maintained gains better than medication discontinuation, supporting the durability of behavioral change approaches.
Dodge, K.A., Schlundt, D.C., Schocken, I., & Delugach, J.D. (1983). Social Competence and Children's Sociometric Status: The Role of Peer Group Entry Strategies. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29(3), 309-336.
Cited in
- Joining a Conversation Already in Progress
  Extended Putallaz and Gottman's findings by showing that self-focused entry bids were rejected at roughly twice the rate of group-focused bids, providing strong evidence against the 'impressive opener' approach.
Dolbier, C.L. & Rush, T.E. (2012). Efficacy of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation in a high-stress college sample. International Journal of Stress Management, 19(1), 28-49.
Cited in
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation: 90 Years of Evidence for a Simple Technique
  Showed that regular PMR practice over weeks lowers baseline cortisol on non-practice days, indicating HPA axis recalibration rather than merely acute suppression.
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation
  Found significant stress reduction after just four practice sessions in a university sample, demonstrating that the learning curve for PMR is well within practical reach for most people.
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Michel, A., Berger, C., Herpertz, S.C. (2007). Oxytocin Improves 'Mind-Reading' in Humans. Biological Psychiatry, 61(6), 731-733.
Cited in
- The Social Brain: Why Your Nervous System Craves Connection (Even When Anxiety Says Otherwise)
  Demonstrated that oxytocin enhances performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (d = 0.52), showing that the hormone doesn't just reduce fear but actively improves the social cognition required for meaningful connection.
Domschke, K., Stevens, S., Pfleiderer, B., & Gerlach, A.L. (2010). Interoceptive sensitivity in anxiety and anxiety disorders: An overview and integration of neurobiological findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(7), 981-991.
Cited in
- Your Body's Alarm System: How Interoception Drives Anxiety
  Systematic review confirming that altered interoceptive processing is consistent across multiple anxiety disorders, with CO2 challenge studies showing heightened respiratory sensitivity but not proportional accuracy gains.
Donker, T., Cornelisz, I., van Klaveren, C., et al. (2019). Effectiveness of Self-Guided App-Based Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Acrophobia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(7), 682-690.
Cited in
- Virtual Practice, Real Results: VR Exposure for Social Anxiety
  Demonstrated that smartphone-based VR exposure with minimal therapist contact produces large effect sizes (d=1.14) for anxiety, supporting the broader feasibility of self-directed VR exposure approaches.
Donkin, L., Christensen, H., Naismith, S.L., et al. (2011). A Systematic Review of the Impact of Adherence on the Effectiveness of e-Therapies. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13(3), e52.
Cited in
- Online CBT Programs
  Systematic review finding that adherence measures relate to outcomes differently by domain: module completion tracked most closely with outcomes in psychological health interventions, while login frequency tracked most closely with outcomes in physical health interventions.
Donorfio, L.K.M., D'Ambrosio, L.A., Coughlin, J.F., & Mohyde, M. (2009). To drive or not to drive, that isn't the question: The meaning of self-regulation among older drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 40(3), 221-226.
Cited in
- When the Keys Don't Feel Like Freedom Anymore: Driving Cessation and Anxiety
  Qualitative evidence showing older adults who maintained decision-making agency throughout driving transitions experienced significantly less emotional disturbance than those who lost control of the process.
Doohan, E.M. & Manusov, V. (2004). The communication of compliments in romantic relationships: An investigation of relational satisfaction and sex differences. Western Journal of Communication, 68(2), 170-194.
Cited in
- Receiving a Compliment Without Deflecting, Disappearing, or Over-Explaining
  Documented that deflection is the modal compliment response and associated it with lower post-interaction connection quality for both giver and receiver, establishing the interpersonal cost of avoidance-based responses.
Dorfman, L.T. (2013). Leisure Activities in Retirement. In M. Wang (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Retirement, 339-353.
Cited in
- Retirement and Identity: When Losing Your Role Triggers Anxiety
  Showed that structured leisure activities predicted better psychological well-being than unstructured free time at equal activity hours, establishing that structure, not just activity volume, is the operative variable.
Dormann, C., & Zapf, D. (2004). Customer-Related Social Stressors and Burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(1), 61-82.
Cited in
- When the Customer Is Angry: How to Stay Regulated in Service Interactions
  Identified four distinct customer-related social stressors, including verbal aggression and disproportionate expectations, and found these stressors predicted burnout even after accounting for other workplace factors.
Dorresteijn, T.A.C., Zijlstra, G.A.R., Ambergen, A.W., Delbaere, K., Vlaeyen, J.W.S., & Kempen, G.I.J.M. (2016). Effectiveness of a Home-Based Cognitive Behavioral Program to Manage Concerns About Falls in Community-Dwelling, Frail Older People. BMC Geriatrics, 16, 2.
Cited in
- Fear of Falling: How Physical Anxiety Creates a Dangerous Cycle
  RCT of A Matter of Balance (CBT-based program) demonstrating significant reductions in fall-related concerns, activity avoidance, and daily-living restrictions sustained at 12-month follow-up, establishing the independent value of psychological intervention.
Dovey, T.M., Staples, P.A., Gibson, E.L., & Halford, J.C.G. (2008). Food Neophobia and 'Picky/Fussy' Eating in Children: A Review. Appetite, 50(2-3), 181-193.
Cited in
- When Food Becomes a Fight: Sensory Food Avoidance and Anxiety in Kids
  Clarified the developmental continuum from normative food neophobia (peaking ages 2-6) through selective eating to clinical food avoidance, establishing the framework for distinguishing typical pickiness from ARFID.
Dowdney, L. (2000). Annotation: Childhood Bereavement Following Parental Death. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(7), 819-830.
Cited in
- When Loss Makes Everything Scary: Grief and the Anxious Child
  Comprehensive review establishing that bereaved children face approximately twice the risk of psychiatric disturbance, with anxiety among the most commonly reported symptoms.
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of Rejection Sensitivity for Intimate Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343.
Cited in
- She Takes Everything So Personally: Rejection Sensitivity in Children
  Foundational paper defining rejection sensitivity as a cognitive-affective processing disposition with three components: anxious expectation, ready perception, and intense reaction to rejection.
- Rejection Therapy: 30 Days of Asking and Being Told No
  Defined rejection sensitivity as the disposition to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and overreact to rejection, establishing the specific psychological construct that rejection therapy directly targets.
Downey, G., Lebolt, A., Rincon, C., & Freitas, A. L. (1998). Rejection Sensitivity and Children's Interpersonal Difficulties. Child Development, 69(4), 1074-1091.
Cited in
- She Takes Everything So Personally: Rejection Sensitivity in Children
  Documented the self-fulfilling prophecy mechanism: RS children's defensive behaviors (hostility, clinginess, withdrawal) provoke the very rejection they fear, creating a self-maintaining cycle.
Downey, G. & Feldman, S.I. (1996). Implications of Rejection Sensitivity for Intimate Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343.
Cited in
- Library and Bookshop Interactions: Using Shared Interests as Social Entry
  Identified rejection sensitivity as a latent disposition that amplifies threat perception from ambiguous social cues, explaining why role-defined helpers buffer early exposure.
Drake, C., Roehrs, T., Shambroom, J., & Roth, T. (2013). Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9(11), 1195-1200.
Cited in
- Sleep Better, Worry Less: Sleep Hygiene Reduces Anxiety
  Showed 400mg caffeine 6 hours before bed still reduces sleep by 41 minutes and disrupts deep sleep, even when participants report no subjective impairment.
- Caffeine and Anxiety Management
  Showed that caffeine taken 6 hours before bed still reduced sleep by over an hour, and critically, that participants were unaware of the disruption, revealing the hidden pathway through which caffeine timing damages anxiety via sleep.
Dreeben, S.J., Mamberg, M.H., & Salmon, P. (2013). The MBSR body scan in clinical practice. Mindfulness, 4(4), 394-401.
Cited in
- The Body Scan: Finding and Releasing Tension You Didn't Know You Had
  Confirmed that shorter body scan sessions of 10-20 minutes are widely used in clinical MBSR settings with comparable outcomes, removing the barrier of the original 45-minute protocol for beginners.
Dreisoerner, A., Grassmann, M., Hetzel, J., Klemt, L., Sassin, S. & Zimprich, D. (2021). Self-soothing touch and being hugged reduce cortisol responses to stress: A randomized controlled trial on stress, physical touch, and social identity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 132, 105351.
Cited in
- Self-Compassion Exercises
  Demonstrated that 20 seconds of self-soothing touch reduced salivary cortisol comparably to interpersonal hugging, establishing the physiological mechanism through C-tactile afferent activation.
- A Self-Soothing Touch Practice That May Help Quiet Repetitive Anxious Thoughts
  RCT (N=159) demonstrating that self-touch reduced salivary cortisol following social stress comparably to partner hugging, providing direct evidence that self-administered touch activates calming pathways.
Driskell, J.E., Copper, C., & Moran, A. (1994). Does Mental Practice Enhance Performance?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 481-492.
Cited in
- Mental Rehearsal: How to Pre-Experience Calm
  Foundational meta-analysis of 35 studies establishing mental practice as effective across domains, with a mean effect size of 0.527 and strongest effects for tasks with cognitive-sequential components.
- The Boundary Visualization
  Meta-analysis establishing that mental practice significantly improves performance (d = 0.53), with strongest effects for tasks involving cognitive and procedural components like boundary-setting.
Droit-Volet, S., & Meck, W.H. (2007). How Emotions Colour Our Perception of Time. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(12), 504-513.
Cited in
- You've Been Asked to Speak With No Preparation Time — Here's What Your Brain Needs
  Explained the pacemaker-accumulator mechanism behind temporal distortion under arousal, accounting for why anxious speakers overestimate pause duration by 2-3x and rush to fill silence that audiences perceive as normal.
Drossman, D.A. (2016). Functional gastrointestinal disorders: history, pathophysiology, clinical features, and Rome IV. Gastroenterology, 150(6), 1262-1279.
Cited in
- Why Anxiety Hits Your Stomach First: The Seconds-to-Minutes Gut Response
  Reframed functional GI disorders as disorders of gut-brain interaction within a biopsychosocial model, validating that gut stress responses are real physiological events rather than imagined symptoms.
Drummond, P.D. (1997). The Effect of Adrenergic Blockade on Blushing and Facial Flushing. Psychophysiology, 34(2), 163-168.
Cited in
- Blushing: Why Your Face Betrays You Before You've Said a Word
  Established that facial blushing during embarrassment is sympathetically mediated through beta-adrenergic vasodilation, the foundational physiological finding for this article.
Drummond, P.D. (2001). The Effect of True and False Feedback on Blushing in Women. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8), 1329-1343.
Cited in
- Blushing: Why Your Face Betrays You Before You've Said a Word
  Provided experimental evidence distinguishing social blushing from thermal flushing, confirming they use different physiological pathways.
Drummond, P.D. & Mirco, N. (2004). Staring at One Side of the Face Increases Blood Flow on That Side of the Face. Psychophysiology, 41(2), 281-287.
Cited in
- Blushing: Why Your Face Betrays You Before You've Said a Word
  Found that staring at one side of a person's face during a social task increased blood flow specifically on the observed side, showing that being watched can trigger a localized physiological blush response.
Drummond, P.D., Back, K., Harrison, J., et al. (2007). Blushing During Social Interactions in People with a Fear of Blushing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(7), 1601-1608.
Cited in
- Blushing: Why Your Face Betrays You Before You've Said a Word
  Found that people with a fear of blushing showed facial blood flow increases similar to controls during social tasks, but their blushing took longer to fade afterward, prolonging the visible reaction.
Duchesne, S., Ratelle, C.F., Poitras, S.C., & Drouin, E. (2009). Early Adolescent Attachment to Parents, Emotional Problems, and Teacher-Academic Worries About the Middle School Transition. Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(5), 743-766.
Cited in
- The Middle School Cliff: Why Anxiety Peaks at 11 and What to Do About It
  Used growth mixture modeling to identify four distinct anxiety trajectories across the middle school transition, showing that parental warmth and secure attachment buffered even high-stress transition paths.
Duclos, S.E., Laird, J.D., Schneider, E., Sexter, M., Stern, L., Van Lighten, O. (1989). Emotion-Specific Effects of Facial Expressions and Postures on Emotional Experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(1), 100-108.
Cited in
- How the Way You Hold Yourself Changes How Anxious You Feel
  Demonstrated that postural manipulation alone, without awareness of the emotional association, generated congruent emotional states, establishing the proprioceptive feedback pathway from body to emotion.
Duda, J.L., & Balaguer, I. (2007). Coach-Created Motivational Climate. Social Psychology in Sport (Human Kinetics), 117-130.
Cited in
- When the Team Becomes the Pressure: Coach Culture, Specialization, and Your Child's Sports Anxiety
  Narrative review confirming perceived performance climate as among the most reliable situational predictors of pre-competitive anxiety in youth athletes across sports and age groups.
Duffy, J.F., Zitting, K.M., & Czeisler, C.A. (2015). Aging and Circadian Rhythms. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 25, 9-19.
Cited in
- Why 3am Belongs to You: Understanding Nighttime Anxiety in Later Life
  Documented the age-related decline in SCN output, reduced circadian amplitude, and earlier melatonin onset that drive the phase advance responsible for pre-dawn awakenings in older adults.
Dufton, L.M., Dunn, M.J., Compas, B.E. (2009). Anxiety and somatic complaints in children with recurrent abdominal pain and anxiety disorders. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(2), 176-186.
Cited in
- My Stomach Hurts Every Morning: When Physical Complaints Are Anxiety in Disguise
  Demonstrated that comorbid anxiety amplifies pain intensity and functional disability in children with abdominal pain, beyond what pain alone produces.
Dugas, M.J., Buhr, K., Ladouceur, R. (2004). The role of intolerance of uncertainty in etiology and maintenance of generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice, 143-163.
Cited in
- Living With What Stays: Anxiety When Chronic Conditions Don't Go Away
  Established intolerance of uncertainty as a core cognitive vulnerability for generalized anxiety, directly applicable to the inherent unpredictability of chronic illness.
Dugas, M.J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M.H. (1998). Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Preliminary Test of a Conceptual Model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(2), 215-226.
Cited in
- Mental Rehearsal: How to Pre-Experience Calm
  Identified intolerance of uncertainty as a core cognitive vulnerability in generalized anxiety, explaining why process-focused imagery that fills in predictive gaps reduces anticipatory distress.
- Request Feedback: The Exposure of Inviting Evaluation
  Established intolerance of uncertainty as a cognitive vulnerability driving information-seeking motivation, explaining why anxious individuals simultaneously crave and avoid evaluative feedback.
Dumont, E., Jansen, A., Kroes, D., de Haan, E., & Mulkens, S. (2019). A New Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Adolescents with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder in a Day Treatment Setting: Short-Term Outcomes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(4), 447-458.
Cited in
- When Food Becomes a Fight: Sensory Food Avoidance and Anxiety in Kids
  Found moderate-to-large effect sizes for behavioral feeding interventions and noted that sensory-informed approaches achieved comparable outcomes with better family satisfaction.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1998). The social brain hypothesis. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6(5), 178-190.
Cited in
- It's Not How Many Conversations — It's How Good They Are
  Proposed that neocortex ratio constrains social group size, yielding concentric intimacy circles (~5 intimate, ~15 close, ~50 good, ~150 casual) that explain why depth requires limiting breadth.
- The Social Brain: Why Your Nervous System Craves Connection (Even When Anxiety Says Otherwise)
  Established the correlation (r = 0.76) between neocortex ratio and social group size across 36 primate genera, providing the evolutionary foundation for understanding why human brains dedicate so much territory to social cognition.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (2017). Breaking Bread: The Functions of Social Eating. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 3(3), 198-211.
Cited in
- Mindful Eating: Using Meals as Anxiety Practice
  Showed that shared meals activate endorphin pathways and strengthen social bonds, revealing that the situation socially anxious people avoid carries unique bonding potential.
- Sharing a Meal with New People: Getting Through Dinner Without the Dread
  Commensality — eating together — triggers the same endorphin-release pathways as social touch and synchrony, explaining why shared meals reliably accelerate social bonding even before conversation becomes meaningful.
Dunbar, N.E. & Burgoon, J.K. (2005). Perceptions of power and interactional dominance in interpersonal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(2), 207-233.
Cited in
- Interruption Exposure: Learning to Jump Into Conversations
  Showed that power dynamics genuinely affect how conversational entry is perceived, supporting hierarchy calibration that distinguishes peer contexts from asymmetric power settings.
- Email Templates: Stop Overthinking Every Send
  Showed that power dynamics genuinely affect how communication style is perceived, supporting the recommendation to adapt email templates to workplace context rather than using a one-size-fits-all approach.
Dunbar, R.I.M., Duncan, N.D.C., & Nettle, D. (1995). Size and Structure of Freely Forming Conversational Groups. Human Nature, 6(1), 67-78.
Cited in
- Hosting a Small Gathering: Your Step-by-Step Guide
  Found that natural conversation groups stabilize at approximately four participants, establishing that hosting 2-3 guests creates a single manageable conversational unit.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (2016). Do Online Social Media Cut Through the Constraints That Limit the Size of Offline Social Networks?. Royal Society Open Science, 3(1), 150292.
Cited in
- Hosting a Small Gathering: Your Step-by-Step Guide
  Confirmed that conversation group size limits persist across contexts, suggesting they reflect cognitive constraints on real-time social processing rather than cultural norms.
Duncombe Lowe, K., Barnes, T.L., Martell, C., Keery, H., Eckhardt, S., Peterson, C.B., Lesser, J., & Le Grange, D. (2019). Youth with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: Examining Differences by Age, Weight Status, and Symptom Duration. Nutrients, 11(8), 1812.
Cited in
- When Food Becomes a Fight: Sensory Food Avoidance and Anxiety in Kids
  Found that youth with ARFID differ by age, weight status, and symptom duration, with chronic symptoms tied to lower weight and half of patients showing overlapping ARFID presentations.
Dunn, B.D., Galton, H.C., Morgan, R., et al. (2010). Listening to your heart: How interoception shapes emotion experience and intuitive decision making. Psychological Science, 21(12), 1835-1844.
Cited in
- Your Body's Alarm System: How Interoception Drives Anxiety
  Demonstrated that better interoceptive accuracy intensifies all emotions, including positive ones, providing the key nuance that body awareness isn't inherently problematic and has genuine strengths.
Dunsmoor, J.E. & Paz, R. (2015). Fear Generalization and Anxiety: Behavioral and Neural Mechanisms. Biological Psychiatry, 78(5), 336-343.
Cited in
- The First Day Effect: Why New Situations Trigger Ancient Threat Responses
  Demonstrated that fear generalization operates bidirectionally: just as negative experiences in one novel context increase threat responding to other new contexts, positive novel experiences reduce baseline threat expectations for future new situations.
- The Moment You Were Less Afraid Than Expected: How Your Brain Learns From That
  Combined Pavlovian conditioning with computational modeling to demonstrate that extinction learning magnitude tracks prediction error computations, bridging neuroscience and mathematical learning theory.
- Traveling While Anxious: What to Know Before You Go Somewhere New
  Demonstrated that safety learning operates through amygdala-vmPFC prediction error computations, showing the brain actively computes the absence of expected threat rather than passively habituating.
Durkheim, E. (1912). The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Free Press (1965 translation).
Cited in
- Attending a Religious or Spiritual Gathering for the First Time
  Introduced collective effervescence — the transcendence produced through synchronized ritual — explaining why newcomers out of sync with collective practice experience heightened separateness rather than belonging.
Dutcher, J.M., Creswell, J.D., Pacilio, L.E., Harris, P.R., Klein, W.M.P., Levine, J.M., Bower, J.E., Muscatell, K.A., & Eisenberger, N.I. (2016). Self-affirmation activates the ventral striatum: A possible reward-related mechanism. Psychological Science, 27(4), 455-466.
Cited in
- The Self-Affirmation Exercise: Reminding Yourself What You Stand For
  Provided fMRI evidence that self-affirmation activates vmPFC and ventral striatum (self-processing and reward regions), suggesting a neural mechanism for how values reflection dampens threat responses.
Dweck, C.S. (2006). Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Random House.
Cited in
- Anxiety-Aware Goal Setting: Building a Life Worth Being Nervous For
  Demonstrated that effort-focused evaluation (vs. ability-focused) increases willingness to attempt challenging tasks, with effort-praised children choosing challenges 67% vs. 33% of the time, supporting the principle of celebrating brave attempts rather than outcomes.
Dweck, C.S., & Yeager, D.S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 481-496.
Cited in
- Growth Mindset for the Anxious Brain
  Extended mindset theory beyond academics into stress physiology and emotional regulation, establishing the theoretical foundation for applying growth mindset to anxiety.
Dwyer, R.J., Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E.W. (2018). Smartphone Use Undermines Enjoyment of Face-to-Face Social Interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 78, 233-239.
Cited in
- Why Having Your Phone on the Table Changes the Conversation
  Brought the phone-presence finding into real restaurants with real friends, and critically demonstrated that actual phone use didn't differ between conditions, isolating visibility as the active ingredient driving reduced enjoyment.