Research

References & Sources

2988 sources, sorted alphabetically by first author. Page 42 of 50.

Sherer, M., Maddux, J.E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R.W. (1982). The Self-Efficacy Scale: Construction and Validation. Psychological Reports, 51(2), 663-671.
Cited in
- Restaurant Exposure: Ordering, Returning, and Asking Questions
  Provided meta-analytic effect sizes for mastery (d = 0.71) vs. vicarious learning (d = 0.36) as sources of self-efficacy.
Sherif, M., Harvey, O.J., White, B.J., Hood, W.R., & Sherif, C.W. (1961). Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment. University of Oklahoma Book Exchange, 1-212.
Cited in
- Your First Volunteer Orientation: How to Walk In Without Knowing Anyone
  Provided foundational evidence that superordinate goals requiring cooperative effort reduce intergroup anxiety and promote affiliation, directly applicable to shared-purpose volunteer environments.
Sherman, D.K., & Cohen, G.L. (2006). The Psychology of Self-Defense: Self-Affirmation Theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 183-242.
Cited in
- Values Clarification: What Matters More Than Anxiety?
  Provided the theoretical framework explaining why values reflection buffers against social evaluative threat by bolstering self-system integrity.
Sherman, D.K., Bunyan, D.P., Creswell, J.D., & Jaremka, L.M. (2009). Psychological vulnerability and stress: The effects of self-affirmation on sympathetic nervous system responses to naturalistic stressors. Health Psychology, 28(5), 554-562.
Cited in
- The Self-Affirmation Exercise: Reminding Yourself What You Stand For
  Extended self-affirmation effects from acute lab stress to chronic real-world stress, showing lower epinephrine over weeks in self-affirming students, especially those high in psychological vulnerability.
Sherrington, C., Fairhall, N.J., Wallbank, G.K., et al. (2019). Exercise for Preventing Falls in Older People Living in the Community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD012424.
Cited in
- Fear of Falling: How Physical Anxiety Creates a Dangerous Cycle
  Updated the fall prevention evidence with 108 RCTs (23,407 participants), confirming balance exercises have the largest effect (rate ratio 0.76) and establishing the dose-response relationship: programs delivering 3+ hours weekly outperform lighter regimens.
Shevchuk, N.A. (2008). Adapted Cold Shower as a Potential Treatment for Depression. Medical Hypotheses, 70(5), 995-1001.
Cited in
- Cold Water, Calm Mind: The Science of Temperature and Stress
  Proposed the mechanistic rationale for cold showers as an adjunctive approach for depression, based on cold receptor density and norepinephrine/beta-endorphin pathways. Important to note this was a hypothesis paper, not a clinical trial.
- Cold Water Exposure
  Proposed the mechanistic pathway from cold receptor density in skin to locus coeruleus activation and beta-endorphin release, offering a plausible neural explanation for cold exposure's mood effects.
- The Cold Shower Protocol: Using Temperature to Reset Your Nervous System
  Proposed the mechanistic model for cold shower hydrotherapy: dense cutaneous cold receptors generating massive afferent signaling that stimulates sustained norepinephrine release from the locus coeruleus.
- Hot Then Cold, Cold Then Hot: The Shower Pattern That Resets Your Nervous System
  Proposed the afferent signaling model explaining how dense cutaneous cold receptors generate massive electrical impulses to the locus coeruleus, providing the mechanistic framework for cold water's antidepressant and mood-elevating effects.
Shields, S.A., MacDowell, K.A., Fairchild, S.B., & Campbell, M.L. (1987). Is mediation of sweating cholinergic, adrenergic, or both? A comment on the literature. Psychophysiology, 24(3), 312-319.
Cited in
- Why You Sweat More When You're Anxious (and What That Sweat Is Actually For)
  Demonstrated the functional dissociation between palmar/plantar sweating (emotion-driven) and trunk sweating (thermally driven), establishing that anxiety sweating targets specific body regions through distinct pathways.
Shiffman, S., Stone, A.A., & Hufford, M.R. (2008). Ecological Momentary Assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 1-32.
Cited in
- The Social Media Detox Protocol
  Established the superiority of near-real-time data capture over retrospective self-report for understanding habitual behaviors, grounding the protocol's daily journaling design.
- Track It for Seven Days Without Fixing It: A Practice for Understanding Your Pattern
  Established that real-time self-monitoring eliminates the recall biases (peak-end, mood-congruent, duration neglect) that distort retrospective anxiety reports, providing the methodological foundation for the seven-day tracking format.
Shirotsuki, K., Izawa, S., Sugaya, N., Yamada, K.C., Ogawa, N., Ouchi, Y., et al. (2009). Salivary cortisol and DHEA reactivity to psychosocial stress in socially anxious males. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72(2), 198-203.
Cited in
- Why Your Heart Races Before Anything Has Even Happened
  Found reduced cortisol reactivity to a standardized social stress test in socially anxious men compared to controls, suggesting blunted rather than heightened HPA axis reactivity in social anxiety.
Shockley, K.M., Gabriel, A.S., Robertson, D., Rosen, C.C., Chawla, N., Ganster, M.L., & Ezerins, M.E. (2021). The Fatiguing Effects of Camera Use in Virtual Meetings: A Within-Person Field Experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(8), 1137-1155.
Cited in
- Meeting Anxiety: Why Open Offices and Video Calls Make It Worse
  Provided the strongest causal evidence for camera-on fatigue through a within-person design (1,408 observations), showing the effect is moderated by gender and organizational tenure.
- Video Call Exposure Ladder: Building Confidence On Camera
  Demonstrated experimentally that camera use increases fatigue, mediated by self-presentation concern, with stronger effects for women and newer employees.
Siegel, D.J. (2012). The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are. Guilford Press.
Cited in
- When Anger Is Actually Fear: The Anxiety-Aggression Connection in Kids
  Articulated the window of tolerance concept explaining narrower regulatory zones in anxious children and how co-regulation expands them.
Siegrist, J. (2004). Social Reciprocity and Health: New Scientific Evidence and Policy Implications. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), 1033-1038.
Cited in
- Learning to Receive: The Anxiety That Comes With Accepting Help
  The effort-reward imbalance model explaining why maintaining any domain of generative effort partially corrects the psychological imbalance created by care-receiving.
Sigmon, S.C., Herning, R.I., Better, W., Cadet, J.L., & Griffiths, R.R. (2009). Caffeine Withdrawal, Acute Effects, Tolerance, and Absence of Net Beneficial Effects of Chronic Administration. Psychopharmacology, 205(3), 449-462.
Cited in
- Caffeine and Anxiety Management
  Found that acute caffeine abstinence produced measurable increases in fatigue, sluggishness, and EEG theta activity alongside changes in cerebral blood flow, documenting the physiological basis of caffeine withdrawal that tapering aims to avoid.
Silverman, W.K., Pina, A.A., Viswesvaran, C. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(1), 105-130.
Cited in
- How Do You Know When to Get Help? A Parent's Honest Guide to Child Therapy
  Reviewed 32 treatment studies and found individual and group CBT for child anxiety rated as probably efficacious, with no meaningful difference between individual and group formats.
Simmons, A., Strigo, I., Matthews, S.C., Paulus, M.P., & Stein, M.B. (2006). Anticipation of aversive visual stimuli is associated with increased insula activation in anxiety-prone subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 60(4), 402-409.
Cited in
- Your Body's Alarm System: How Interoception Drives Anxiety
  Demonstrated that insular hyperactivation in anxious participants occurs during anticipation alone, before any aversive stimulus is delivered, supporting the prediction-driven model of bodily anxiety.
Simmons, R.G. & Blyth, D.A. (1987). Moving Into Adolescence: The Impact of Pubertal Change and School Context. Aldine de Gruyter.
Cited in
- The Middle School Cliff: Why Anxiety Peaks at 11 and What to Do About It
  Foundational longitudinal study of 621 students establishing that simultaneous life changes (puberty + school transition + dating) produce multiplicative rather than additive declines in self-esteem and wellbeing during early adolescence.
Simon, N.M., Hofmann, S.G., Rosenfield, D., et al. (2021). Efficacy of Yoga vs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Stress Education for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(1), 13-20.
Cited in
- Yoga for Anxiety: What 25 Years of Research Actually Shows
  The most rigorous yoga-vs-CBT trial for GAD, establishing yoga's 54% response rate as clinically meaningful while confirming CBT's superiority at 71%.
- Body, Breath, and Focus: How Yoga Addresses Anxiety
  Landmark RCT (N=226) showing Kundalini yoga significantly outperformed stress education for GAD (54.2% response rate), though CBT was superior (70.8%), positioning yoga as a legitimate second-line intervention.
- Yoga and Anxiety Relief
  Largest head-to-head trial (N=226) finding yoga produced 54.2% response rate vs. 70.8% for CBT, positioning yoga as a legitimate but second-line intervention for anxiety disorders.
Simon, N.M., Shear, K.M., Thompson, E.H., et al. (2007). The Prevalence and Correlates of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Individuals with Complicated Grief. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(5), 395-399.
Cited in
- Grief and Anxiety: The Overlooked Connection After Loss
  Established the 54% comorbidity rate between complicated grief and anxiety disorders in a sample of 283 bereaved individuals, with generalized anxiety and panic disorder most prevalent.
Simon, E.B., Rossi, A., Harvey, A.G., & Walker, M.P. (2020). Overanxious and Underslept. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 100-110.
Cited in
- What REM Sleep Does to Your Fear Memories: The Overnight Therapy Hypothesis
  Demonstrated that even modest sleep restriction across multiple nights produces cumulative increases in anticipatory anxiety, extending the acute findings to chronic partial sleep loss.
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric Disorders in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Associated Factors in a Population-Derived Sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921-929.
Cited in
- More Than Just Quirky: When ADHD, Autism, or Sensory Differences Bring Anxiety Along Too
  Major population-derived study showing 70% of autistic children had at least one comorbid condition and 41.9% had two or more, with social anxiety at 29.2% and ADHD at 28.2%.
Simons, D.G. (2004). Review of Enigmatic MTrPs as a Common Cause of Enigmatic Musculoskeletal Pain and Dysfunction. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 14(1), 95-107.
Cited in
- Jaw and Neck Release: Dissolving Where Anxiety Hides Overnight
  Proposed the integrated trigger point hypothesis explaining the self-sustaining ATP-calcium contraction loop that makes trigger points unresponsive to voluntary relaxation.
Singewald, N., Schmuckermair, C., Whittle, N., Holmes, A., & Ressler, K.J. (2015). Pharmacology of Cognitive Enhancers for Exposure-Based Therapy of Fear, Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 149, 150-190.
Cited in
- Can a Pill Make Therapy Work Faster?
  Comprehensive review that expanded the augmentation framework beyond DCS to include endocannabinoid modulators, cortisol administration, BDNF pathway modulators, and HDAC inhibitors as emerging targets.
Sivertsen, B., Omvik, S., Pallesen, S., et al. (2006). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Zopiclone for Treatment of Chronic Primary Insomnia in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 295(24), 2851-2858.
Cited in
- Why 3am Belongs to You: Understanding Nighttime Anxiety in Later Life
  Demonstrated that CBT-I produced superior six-month outcomes compared to zopiclone in older adults, including improvements in slow-wave sleep that medication did not achieve.
Skowron, E.A., Friedlander, M.L. (1998). The Differentiation of Self Inventory: Development and Initial Validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 235-246.
Cited in
- The Grandparent Worry You Don't Talk About: Anxiety About Getting It Right
  Validated a measure of differentiation with four subscales, enabling quantitative study of fusion and cutoff dynamics in family systems.
- It Runs in the Family, But So Does the Way Out: Intergenerational Anxiety Patterns
  Operationalized Bowen's differentiation construct into measurable subscales, linking lower differentiation to higher anxiety and family reactivity.
- The Holiday Gathering Problem: Why Family Events Can Spike Anxiety Like Nothing Else
  Operationalized Bowen's differentiation concept and demonstrated that emotional reactivity and fusion subscales specifically predict state anxiety during family-of-origin contact.
Skowron, E.A., & Schmitt, T.A. (2003). Assessing Interpersonal Fusion: Reliability and Validity of a New DSI Fusion With Others Subscale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(2), 209-222.
Cited in
- The Holiday Gathering Problem: Why Family Events Can Spike Anxiety Like Nothing Else
  Refined the measurement of fusion in family-of-origin contexts and confirmed that fusion-related anxiety is context-specific rather than a general trait.
Slamecka, N.J. & Graf, P. (1978). The generation effect: Delineation of a phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4(6), 592-604.
Cited in
- Catching Negative Thoughts: The Thought Record Technique
  Established that self-generated information is retained 30-40% better than passively received information, explaining why Socratic questioning outperforms didactic instruction in cognitive restructuring.
Slater, M., Pertaub, D.P., Barker, C. & Clark, D.M. (2006). An Experimental Study on Fear of Public Speaking Using a Virtual Environment. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(5), 627-633.
Cited in
- Your Brain Can't Tell the Difference Between a Real and Virtual Audience
  Found that people with social phobia showed a significant increase in anxiety, self-focused attention, and heart rate when speaking to a virtual audience compared to an empty virtual room, while confident speakers did not, even though the virtual characters had low visual fidelity.
Slaughter, V. (2005). Young Children's Understanding of Death. Australian Psychologist, 40(3), 179-186.
Cited in
- When Loss Makes Everything Scary: Grief and the Anxious Child
  Confirmed the developmental trajectory of death concept acquisition and its consolidation between ages five and ten.
Slavich, G. M., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Taylor, S. E. (2010). Neural Sensitivity to Social Rejection Is Associated with Inflammatory Responses to Social Stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(33), 14817-14822.
Cited in
- Why Rejection Hurts Like Physical Pain
  First evidence linking social rejection to inflammatory responses (TNF-alpha, IL-6), tracing a biological pathway from social pain to chronic disease risk.
- The Need for Touch: What Happens in the Body When We're Physically Isolated
  Demonstrated that social-evaluative threat activates NF-kB inflammatory signaling, linking social rejection directly to inflammatory molecular cascades.
Slavich, G.M., Irwin, M.R. (2014). From Stress to Inflammation and Major Depressive Disorder: A Social Signal Transduction Theory of Depression. Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 774-815.
Cited in
- Inflammation and Anxiety: What Your Immune System Has to Do With How You Feel
  Documented the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA), showing chronic social threat upregulates NF-kB-mediated inflammatory gene expression in humans.
Slavin, M.J., Brodaty, H., Kochan, N.A., et al. (2010). Prevalence and predictors of 'subjective cognitive complaints' in the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(8), 701-710.
Cited in
- "Am I Losing My Mind?": Cognitive Decline Worry vs. Actual Decline
  Found that SCD was prevalent but conversion to dementia was low and not significantly elevated after controlling for covariates, supporting the interpretation that most subjective complaints don't predict neurodegeneration.
Small, D.A., Gelfand, M., Babcock, L., & Gettman, H. (2007). Who Goes to the Bargaining Table? The Influence of Gender and Framing on the Initiation of Negotiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(4), 600-613.
Cited in
- Ask for the Deal: Practicing Price Negotiation in Low-Stakes Settings
  Demonstrated that reframing negotiation as 'asking' reduced avoidance, revealing that social identity concerns rather than skill drive the reluctance to negotiate.
Smeets, E., Neff, K., Alberts, H., & Peters, M. (2014). Meeting Suffering with Kindness: Effects of a Brief Self-Compassion Intervention for Female College Students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(9), 794-807.
Cited in
- The Surprising Power of Being Kinder to Yourself
  Showed that a brief three-week self-compassion training produces significant improvements in self-compassion, optimism, self-efficacy, and reduced rumination in non-clinical populations, demonstrating accessibility.
- Self-Compassion Exercises
  Demonstrated that a three-week brief daily self-compassion journaling program significantly increased self-compassion and resilience while decreasing rumination, establishing that short daily practice is an effective entry point.
Smidt, K.E. & Suvak, M.K. (2015). A Brief, but Nuanced, Review of Emotional Granularity and Emotion Differentiation Research. Cognition and Emotion, 29(8), 1473-1490.
Cited in
- Name It to Tame It: Why Labeling Your Emotions Calms You Down
  Used experience sampling to show that higher negative emotion differentiation predicts faster recovery from negative emotional experiences in daily life, supporting real-world relevance of the granularity construct.
- Name It More Precisely: Turning 'I'm Anxious' Into Something You Can Actually Work With
  Found that higher granularity predicts more differentiated regulation strategy deployment, with precise labelers matching specific strategies to specific emotions rather than defaulting to avoidance.
Smith, M.M., Sherry, S.B., Rnic, K., Saklofske, D.H., Enns, M. & Gralnick, T. (2016). Are perfectionism dimensions vulnerability factors for depressive symptoms after controlling for neuroticism? A meta-analysis of 10 longitudinal studies. European Journal of Personality, 30(2), 201-212.
Cited in
- Perfectionism and Anxiety: When High Standards Become a Trap
  Meta-analysis of 10 longitudinal studies found that each perfectionism dimension, including socially prescribed perfectionism, predicted increases in depressive symptoms over time even after controlling for neuroticism.
Smith, R.E., Smoll, F.L., Cumming, S.P., & Grossbard, J.R. (2006). Measurement of Multidimensional Sport Performance Anxiety in Children and Adults: The Sport Anxiety Scale-2. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 28(4), 479-501.
Cited in
- Sports Performance Anxiety in Young Athletes
  Established the three-factor model (somatic, worry, concentration disruption) of competitive anxiety in youth athletes, providing the foundational measurement tool and the key finding that cognitive components predict performance while somatic does not.
Smith, R.E., Smoll, F.L., & Cumming, S.P. (2007). Effects of a Motivational Climate Intervention for Coaches on Young Athletes' Sport Performance Anxiety. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29(1), 39-59.
Cited in
- Sports Performance Anxiety in Young Athletes
  Demonstrated that mastery vs. performance climate perceptions predict youth athlete anxiety levels independently of trait anxiety, establishing climate as a causal factor.
- When the Team Becomes the Pressure: Coach Culture, Specialization, and Your Child's Sports Anxiety
  RCT demonstrating that coach mastery-climate training significantly reduced athlete anxiety over a season, with the largest effects for high-trait-anxiety youth, establishing coaching behavior as a causal pathway to child anxiety.
Smith, R.E., Smoll, F.L., & Barnett, N.P. (1995). Reduction of Children's Sport Performance Anxiety Through Social Support and Stress-Reduction Training for Coaches. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 16(1), 125-142.
Cited in
- When the Team Becomes the Pressure: Coach Culture, Specialization, and Your Child's Sports Anxiety
  Demonstrated that coaching behavior modification alone, without any child-directed intervention, produced significant anxiety reductions in youth athletes.
Smith, A. (2002). Effects of Caffeine on Human Behavior. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40(9), 1243-1255.
Cited in
- Caffeine and Anxiety: Your Morning Ritual Might Have a Second Effect
  Found that caffeine's negative effects, including increased anxiety and impaired sleep, mainly appear at very large doses or in sensitive individuals such as those with existing anxiety disorders, while moderate consumption is largely linked to positive effects like alertness.
- The Grandparent Worry You Don't Talk About: Anxiety About Getting It Right
  Found that consistent warm grandparent contact benefited grandchildren's social and emotional development regardless of grandparenting style.
Smith, A.P., Bazzoni, C., Beale, J., et al. (2001). High Fibre Breakfast Cereals Reduce Fatigue. Appetite, 43(1), 39-43.
Cited in
- When Hunger Feels Like Anxiety (and Vice Versa)
  Found that meal irregularity predicted mood disturbance after controlling for total energy intake, establishing that meal timing affects anxiety independently of calories.
Smith, K.J., Béland, M., Clyde, M., et al. (2013). Association of diabetes with anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 32(6), 671-681.
Cited in
- Living With What Stays: Anxiety When Chronic Conditions Don't Go Away
  Meta-analysis of 12 studies covering over 12,000 people with diabetes found a modest but significant increase in both anxiety disorders and elevated anxiety symptoms compared with people without diabetes.
Smith, C., & Denton, M.L. (2005). Soul Searching: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of American Teenagers. Oxford University Press.
Cited in
- Showing Up at Your Place of Worship When Anxiety Makes You Want to Stay Home
  Documented the social architecture of religious belonging, including the accountability structures and attendance monitoring that create the persistent social evaluation environment uniquely challenging for socially anxious congregants.
Smits, J.A.J., Berry, A.C., Rosenfield, D., Powers, M.B., Behar, E., & Otto, M.W. (2008). Reducing Anxiety Sensitivity with Exercise. Depression and Anxiety, 25(8), 689-699.
Cited in
- Exercise as Anxiety Medicine: What the Research Shows
  Established proof-of-concept that brief structured exercise programs (six sessions) produce significant anxiety sensitivity reductions, confirming the interoceptive exposure mechanism operates rapidly.
- How Exercise Teaches Your Body a Racing Heart Isn't Dangerous
  The central trial demonstrating that structured exercise reduces AS across all three dimensions, with mediational evidence showing AS reduction drives broader anxiety improvement through temporal precedence.
- Why a Workout Is an Accidental Exposure Session
  Demonstrated that six sessions of moderate aerobic exercise over two weeks significantly reduced anxiety sensitivity (d = 0.35), with mediation analyses supporting the interoceptive exposure mechanism.
- The Placebo Effect Is Real -- And It Works on Anxiety
  Found that reductions in patients' probability bias, their overestimate of how likely a feared social outcome was, drove fear reduction during exposure-based treatment for social anxiety.
- Strength Training for Anxiety: The Protocol Most Cardio Research Ignores
  RCT found a 2-week exercise intervention produced large reductions in anxiety sensitivity compared to a waitlist control, with changes in anxiety sensitivity mediating improvements in anxious and depressed mood.
- First Time at the Gym: Entering New Fitness Spaces Without the Dread
  Meta-analysis establishing acute (d=0.47) and chronic (d=0.73) anxiolytic effects of exercise, documenting the 'double deficit' when gym anxiety prevents access to exercise-based anxiety reduction.
- Locker Room Comfort: Navigating Shared Spaces with Ease
  Meta-analysis establishing acute (d=0.47) and chronic (d=0.73) anxiolytic effects of exercise, documenting the 'double deficit' when locker room anxiety blocks access to exercise-based anxiety reduction.
Smits, J.A.J. & Otto, M.W. (2009). Exercise for Mood and Anxiety: Proven Strategies for Overcoming Depression and Enhancing Well-Being. Oxford University Press.
Cited in
- How Exercise Teaches Your Body a Racing Heart Isn't Dangerous
  Articulated the exercise-as-interoceptive-exposure model, providing the theoretical framework for how exercise specifically targets the fear of body sensations through graduated exposure paralleling clinical CBT protocols.
Smits, J.A.J., Rosenfield, D., Otto, M.W., et al. (2013). D-Cycloserine Enhancement of Fear Extinction Is Specific to Successful Exposure Sessions: Evidence from the Treatment of Height Phobia. Biological Psychiatry, 73(11), 1054-1058.
Cited in
- Can a Pill Make Therapy Work Faster?
  Established the critical bidirectionality finding: DCS consolidates whatever learning occurs during the session, making augmentation beneficial only when exposure produces within-session fear reduction.
Smits, J.A.J., Rosenfield, D., Davis, M.L., et al. (2013). Yohimbine Enhancement of Exposure Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Biological Psychiatry, 74(6), 447-453.
Cited in
- Can a Pill Make Therapy Work Faster?
  Demonstrated that yohimbine-enhanced noradrenergic activity during exposure produces more durable fear reduction, establishing a second pharmacological mechanism for augmentation distinct from DCS.
Smits, J.A.J., Hofmann, S.G., & Rosenfield, D. (2013). D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy of Social Phobia: Prognostic and Prescriptive Variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 31(10), 862-869.
Cited in
- Can a Pill Make Therapy Work Faster?
  Found that D-cycloserine augmentation of group CBT for social anxiety disorder was particularly useful for patients low in conscientiousness and high in agreeableness, while initial symptom severity predicted greater improvement during therapy overall.
Smolewska, K.A., McCabe, S.B., & Woody, E.Z. (2006). A Psychometric Evaluation of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale: The Components of Sensory-Processing Sensitivity and Their Relation to the BIS/BAS and 'Big Five'. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(6), 1269-1279.
Cited in
- When the World Feels Too Loud: Sensory Overload and the Anxious Nervous System
  Identified the three subfactors of SPS (EOE, LST, AES), revealing that sensitivity has both a vulnerability dimension linked to anxiety and an enrichment dimension linked to openness.
Smoll, F.L., Smith, R.E., & Cumming, S.P. (2007). Effects of Coach and Parent Training on Performance Anxiety in Young Athletes. Journal of Youth Development, 2(1).
Cited in
- Sports Performance Anxiety in Young Athletes
  RCT showing that coaches trained in mastery-oriented climate creation reduced athlete anxiety, with the largest effects for high-trait-anxiety athletes.
- When the Team Becomes the Pressure: Coach Culture, Specialization, and Your Child's Sports Anxiety
  Showed that combined coach and parent mastery-climate education produced additive anxiety-reducing effects beyond coach training alone.
Smoller, J.W. (2016). The genetics of stress-related disorders: PTSD, depression, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 297-319.
Cited in
- The Anxiety Gene Myth: What Heredity Research Actually Shows
  Comprehensive review of gene-environment interaction in stress-related disorders, framing the diathesis-stress model where genes create susceptibility but environment determines outcome.
Smout, M., Davies, M., Burns, N., & Christie, A. (2014). Development of the Valuing Questionnaire (VQ). Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3(3), 164-172.
Cited in
- The Anxiety Cost Map: Seeing Exactly What You're Giving Up
  Refined values-behavior discrepancy measurement, confirming that the gap between importance and consistency is the strongest predictor of wellbeing, not either score alone.
Smyth, J. M., Stone, A. A., Hurewitz, A., & Kaell, A. (1998). Effects of Writing About Stressful Experiences on Symptom Reduction in Patients With Asthma or Rheumatoid Arthritis. JAMA, 281(14), 1304-1309.
Cited in
- Why Morning Dread Hits So Hard: The Body Chemistry Behind Time-of-Day Anxiety
  Early evidence that emotional disclosure reduces cortisol and improves physiological outcomes, supporting the article's recommendation for evening expressive practices to reduce next-day cortisol.
Snyder, M. (1974). Self-Monitoring of Expressive Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30(4), 526-537.
Cited in
- The Six Social Skills That Science Can Measure
  Introduced self-monitoring, which shares 40-50% variance with Riggio's social control. Showed that moderate behavioral flexibility optimizes the balance between social effectiveness and authenticity.
- Having People Over: The Particular Anxiety of Being the Host
  Operationalized self-monitoring as a trait that predicts sensitivity to social role demands, explaining why hosting amplifies self-surveillance for role-sensitive individuals.
- Voicemail Practice: Leaving Messages Without the Spiral
  Introduced the self-monitoring construct predicting that individuals who regulate self-presentation show heightened distress when speech is recorded, explaining voicemail's unique anxiety-amplifying quality.
Soenens, B., Elliot, A.J., Goossens, L., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyten, P. & Duriez, B. (2005). The Intergenerational Transmission of Perfectionism: Parents' Psychological Control as an Intervening Variable. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(3), 358-366.
Cited in
- The Child Who Has to Get Everything Right: Perfectionism and Anxiety in Kids
  Found parental psychological control (conditional approval, guilt induction) as the strongest parental predictor of adolescent perfectionism (r = .41), central to the article's discussion of environmental shaping.
Soga, M., Gaston, K.J., & Yamaura, Y. (2017). Gardening Is Beneficial for Health: A Meta-Analysis. Preventive Medicine Reports, 5, 92-99.
Cited in
- Gardening as Nervous System Regulation: The Science of Digging In
  Meta-analysis of 22 studies finding significant associations between gardening and reduced depression and anxiety, with effect sizes comparable to structured exercise programs.
Sokolov, A.A., Miall, R.C., & Ivry, R.B. (2017). The Cerebellum: Adaptive Prediction for Movement and Cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(5), 313-332.
Cited in
- Balance Exercises for Anxiety: Why Standing on One Leg Might Do More Than You Expect
  Integrated cerebellar function within the predictive processing framework, supporting the hypothesis that balance-related cerebellar engagement may extend to emotional state prediction and regulation.
Somerville, L.H. (2013). The Teenage Brain: Sensitivity to Social Evaluation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(2), 121-127.
Cited in
- The Middle School Cliff: Why Anxiety Peaks at 11 and What to Do About It
  Proposed the neurobiological sensitivity to context model explaining how heightened limbic reactivity combined with immature prefrontal regulation creates a window of amplified emotional response to social evaluation in early adolescence.
Spada, M.M., Mohiyeddini, C., & Wells, A. (2008). Measuring Metacognitions Associated with Emotional Distress: Factor Structure and Predictive Validity of the Metacognitions Questionnaire 30. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(3), 238-242.
Cited in
- Watching Your Mind Watch Itself: When You're Worried About Your Worrying
  Confirmed that the MCQ-30 negative uncontrollability factor explains 15-25% of variance in pathological worry beyond trait anxiety and demographic variables.
Sparling, P.B., Giuffrida, A., Piomelli, D., Rosskopf, L., & Dietrich, A. (2003). Exercise activates the endocannabinoid system. NeuroReport, 14(17), 2209-2211.
Cited in
- The 20-Minute Walk: Minimum Effective Dose of Exercise for Anxiety
  First human study demonstrating elevated plasma endocannabinoid levels following moderate exercise, establishing the endocannabinoid mechanism in humans.
- Swimming for Anxiety: Why the Water Is Different
  Demonstrated that moderate-intensity exercise produces peak circulating anandamide levels, establishing the neurochemical basis for intensity-dependent anxiety reduction and the importance of moderate effort.
Sparrevohn, R.M. & Rapee, R.M. (2009). Self-Disclosure, Emotional Expression and Intimacy Within Romantic Relationships of People With Social Phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(3), 428-437.
Cited in
- Dating and Social Anxiety: What the Research Shows About Romantic Connection
  Extended self-disclosure findings into established romantic partnerships, demonstrating that SA-related disclosure deficits predict reduced relationship satisfaction even in long-term relationships.