Research

References & Sources

2988 sources, sorted alphabetically by first author. Page 44 of 50.

Storch, E.A., Brassard, M.R., & Masia-Warner, C.L. (2003). The relationship of peer victimization to social anxiety and loneliness in adolescence. Child Study Journal, 33(1), 1-18.
Cited in
- Making Friends When You're Anxious: Social Development Research
  Established significant associations between social anxiety and relational aggression victimization in urban adolescents.
Storch, E.A., Arnold, E.B., Lewin, A.B., et al. (2013). The Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Versus Treatment as Usual for Anxiety in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(2), 132-142.
Cited in
- More Than Just Quirky: When ADHD, Autism, or Sensory Differences Bring Anxiety Along Too
  Replicated Wood et al.'s findings with BIACA protocol in a larger sample, reporting large effect size (d=1.19) for adapted CBT in reducing anxiety in autistic children.
Strachan, L., Cote, J., & Deakin, J. (2009). An Evaluation of Personal and Contextual Factors in Competitive Youth Sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(3), 340-355.
Cited in
- When the Team Becomes the Pressure: Coach Culture, Specialization, and Your Child's Sports Anxiety
  Found that athletes who reached elite levels through early diversification showed greater intrinsic motivation and longer careers than early specializers, supporting the sampling pathway.
Strauman, T.J. (1989). Self-Discrepancies in Clinical Depression and Social Phobia: Cognitive Structures That Underlie Emotional Disorders?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98(1), 14-22.
Cited in
- When You Duck Every Photo: Getting Comfortable Being Seen (and Captured)
  Empirically validated Higgins' self-discrepancy predictions, confirming that ideal-discrepant priming produces dejection while ought-discrepant priming produces agitation.
Strauss-Blasche, G., Moser, M., Voica, M., McLeod, D.R., Klammer, N., & Marktl, W. (2000). Relative Timing of Inspiration and Expiration Affects Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 27(8), 601-606.
Cited in
- Breathing Rate Matters More Than Breathing Depth
  Parametric study confirming that a 2:1 exhale-to-inhale ratio produces greater blood pressure reduction and relaxation than equal-ratio breathing at the same rate.
Street, D., Burge, S., Quadagno, J., & Barrett, A. (2007). The Salience of Social Relationships for Resident Well-Being in Assisted Living. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 62(2), S129-S134.
Cited in
- Moving Without Losing Yourself: Anxiety When Home Changes in Later Life
  Found that residents who participated in organized social activities within the first month were 2.3 times more likely to report high life satisfaction at one year.
Street, R.L., Makoul, G., Arora, N.K., & Epstein, R.M. (2009). How Does Communication Heal? Pathways Linking Clinician-Patient Communication to Health Outcomes. Patient Education and Counseling, 74(3), 295-301.
Cited in
- Waiting for Your Name to Be Called: Anxiety in Medical Settings
  Synthesized evidence that specific provider communication behaviors -- procedural narration, anticipatory guidance, empathic acknowledgment -- directly reduce patient anxiety by targeting the uncertainty mechanism.
Street, R.L. (2003). Communication in Medical Encounters: An Ecological Perspective. Handbook of Health Communication, 63-89.
Cited in
- Speaking Up at Your Doctor's Appointment: A Script You Can Actually Use
  Established the ecological model showing patient communication is context-dependent, not trait-based, with physician behaviors as the strongest predictor of patient participation.
Streeter, C.C., Jensen, J.E., Perlmutter, R.M., et al. (2007). Yoga Asana Sessions Increase Brain GABA Levels: A Pilot Study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(4), 419-426.
Cited in
- Yoga for Anxiety: What 25 Years of Research Actually Shows
  First study to demonstrate a 27% increase in thalamic GABA levels after a single yoga session using MRS, establishing the neurochemical basis for yoga's calming effect.
Streeter, C.C., Whitfield, T.H., Owen, L., et al. (2010). Effects of Yoga Versus Walking on Mood, Anxiety, and Brain GABA Levels: A Randomized Controlled MRS Study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(11), 1145-1152.
Cited in
- Yoga for Anxiety: What 25 Years of Research Actually Shows
  The critical comparison study: yoga produced greater GABA increases and mood improvements than metabolically matched walking over 12 weeks, demonstrating yoga-specific neurochemical effects beyond general exercise.
Streeter, C.C., Gerbarg, P.L., Saper, R.B., Ciraulo, D.A., & Brown, R.P. (2012). Effects of Yoga on the Autonomic Nervous System, Gamma-Aminobutyric-Acid, and Allostasis in Epilepsy, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Medical Hypotheses, 78(5), 571-579.
Cited in
- Yoga for Anxiety: What 25 Years of Research Actually Shows
  Formalized the vagal-GABA hypothesis: yoga corrects parasympathetic underactivity through vagal stimulation, increasing GABAergic signaling and reducing anxiety through a pathway distinct from general exercise.
- Body, Breath, and Focus: How Yoga Addresses Anxiety
  Proposed the GABA-vagal model linking yoga to increased thalamic GABA levels via MRS, providing a neurochemical mechanism that parallels GABAergic medication pathways.
Strickland, J.C., & Smith, M.A. (2014). The Anxiolytic Effects of Resistance Exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 753.
Cited in
- Strength Training for Anxiety: The Protocol Most Cardio Research Ignores
  Confirmed acute anxiolytic effects of single resistance exercise bouts lasting 2-6 hours post-session, complementing Gordon's chronic-effect findings.
Stringaris, A., Goodman, R. (2009). Longitudinal Outcome of Youth Oppositionality: Irritable, Headstrong, and Hurtful Behaviors Have Distinctive Predictions. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(4), 404-412.
Cited in
- When Anger Is Actually Fear: The Anxiety-Aggression Connection in Kids
  ALSPAC cohort data (N~7,000) demonstrated that childhood irritability predicted anxiety and depression, not conduct disorder.
Stroebe, M. & Schut, H. (2010). The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement: A Decade On. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 61(4), 273-289.
Cited in
- Grief and Anxiety: The Overlooked Connection After Loss
  Provided the theoretical scaffold: adaptive bereavement requires oscillation between loss-oriented and restoration-oriented coping. Getting stuck on either side produces the anxiety and incomplete processing that integrated treatments target.
Stroebe, M., Schut, H. (1999). The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement: Rationale and Description. Death Studies, 23(3), 197-224.
Cited in
- Rebuilding a Life After Loss: What Widowhood Actually Does to Anxiety
  Proposed the Dual Process Model showing that healthy adaptation to bereavement involves oscillation between loss-oriented and restoration-oriented coping, providing the most empirically supported framework for understanding widowhood adjustment.
- Getting Through a Funeral When You Don't Know What to Say
  Confirmed that the presence of supportive others facilitates healthy grief oscillation independent of verbal content, reinforcing that physical presence is the primary support mechanism.
Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W., Schut, H. (2001). Gender Differences in Adjustment to Bereavement: An Empirical and Theoretical Review. Review of General Psychology, 5(1), 62-83.
Cited in
- Rebuilding a Life After Loss: What Widowhood Actually Does to Anxiety
  Comprehensive review of sex differences in bereavement adaptation, noting that men's excess mortality is partly mediated by loss of health monitoring while women's risk is more tied to financial strain.
Strutton, D.R., Kowalski, J.W., Glaser, D.A., & Stang, P.E. (2004). US prevalence of hyperhidrosis and impact on individuals with axillary hyperhidrosis: results from a national survey. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 51(2), 241-248.
Cited in
- Why You Sweat More When You're Anxious (and What That Sweat Is Actually For)
  National survey finding hyperhidrosis affects roughly 2.8 percent of the US population, with about a third of those with axillary hyperhidrosis reporting that sweating interferes substantially with daily activities.
Stryker, S. & Burke, P.J. (2000). The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(4), 284-297.
Cited in
- Retirement and Identity: When Losing Your Role Triggers Anxiety
  Provided the foundational framework for understanding how role identities are hierarchically organized, explaining why losing a highly salient professional role destabilizes self-concept in retirement.
Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Rosenbaum, S., Firth, J., Cosco, T., Veronese, N., et al. (2017). An Examination of the Anxiolytic Effects of Exercise for People with Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. Psychiatry Research, 249, 102-108.
Cited in
- Exercise as Anxiety Medicine: What the Research Shows
  Meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials covering 262 adults found exercise significantly reduced anxiety symptoms compared to control conditions, with a moderate effect size in people with anxiety and stress-related disorders.
- The 20-Minute Walk: Minimum Effective Dose of Exercise for Anxiety
  Meta-analysis of 6 randomized trials in people with anxiety and stress-related disorders found exercise produced a moderate reduction in anxiety symptoms compared to control conditions.
- When Anxiety and Chronic Pain Keep Each Other Company: What the Science Shows
  Provided meta-analytic evidence that exercise reduces anxiety through mechanisms overlapping with those involved in chronic pain reduction, supporting the shared-pathway treatment rationale.
- Movement That Meets You Where You Are: Exercise for Anxiety When Mobility Changes
  Meta-analysis of 6 RCTs found exercise significantly reduced anxiety symptoms more than control conditions in people with diagnosed anxiety or stress-related disorders, with a moderate effect size.
- The Workout Prescription: How Exercise Directly Reduces Social Anxiety
  Meta-analysis establishing moderate-to-large anxiolytic effects of exercise across anxiety disorders, providing the dosing evidence for the 3x30-minute weekly protocol.
- Exercise as Anxiety Management
  Meta-analysis establishing moderate-to-large anxiolytic effects of exercise across anxiety disorders, providing dosing evidence for the minimum effective protocol.
- Hiking as Exposure Plus Exercise: The Double Benefit Most People Miss
  Meta-analysis of 6 randomized trials found exercise significantly reduced anxiety symptoms more than control conditions in people with anxiety and stress-related disorders, a moderate effect.
Studer, R., Gomez, P., Hildebrandt, H., Arial, M., & Danuser, B. (2011). Stage Fright: Its Experience as a Problem and Coping With It. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 84(7), 761-771.
Cited in
- Stage Fright's Cousin: Anxiety Before Creative Performance
  Surveyed 190 music students and found that a third experienced stage fright as a real problem, which predicted more frequent use of medication as a coping strategy alongside a strong desire for more support.
Su, K.P., Tseng, P.T., Lin, P.Y., et al. (2018). Association of Use of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Changes in Severity of Anxiety Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 1(5), e182327.
Cited in
- Eating for Calm: Simple Nutrition Adjustments That Support Anxiety Management
  Provided the definitive meta-analytic evidence (19 RCTs, N=2,240) that omega-3 supplementation significantly reduces anxiety, with EPA-dominant preparations and clinical populations showing the strongest benefit.
Suarez-Morales, L. & Lopez, B. (2009). The Impact of Acculturative Stress and Daily Hassles on Pre-Adolescent Psychological Adjustment: Examining Anxiety Symptoms. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 30(3-4), 335-349.
Cited in
- Growing Up Between Two Worlds: Immigration, Cultural Identity, and Childhood Anxiety
  Demonstrated that acculturative stress predicts anxiety specifically (not depression) in Latino children ages 6-11, even after controlling for general life stress.
Sudo, N., Chida, Y., Aiba, Y., et al. (2004). Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. Journal of Physiology, 558(1), 263-275.
Cited in
- Gut Feelings Are Real: The Microbiome-Anxiety Connection
  Foundational study showing germ-free mice have exaggerated HPA stress responses reversible by early-life B. infantis colonization, establishing the concept of developmental windows for microbiome-brain programming.
Suh, H., Gnilka, P.B. & Rice, K.G. (2017). Perfectionism and well-being: A positive psychology framework. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 368-373.
Cited in
- Perfectionism and Anxiety: When High Standards Become a Trap
  Demonstrated that perfectionism predicts impaired quality of life in social anxiety independently of symptom severity, supporting perfectionism as an independent treatment target.
Suhr, J.A., & Gunstad, J. (2002). Diagnosis threat: The effect of negative expectations on cognitive performance in head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(4), 448-457.
Cited in
- When to Get Tested, When to Treat the Anxiety: A Practical Guide to Cognitive Symptoms in Later Life
  Demonstrated that priming cognitive concerns produces genuine performance impairment, establishing the 'diagnosis threat' concept.
Suler, J. (2004). The Online Disinhibition Effect. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321-326.
Cited in
- Post Something Real: Writing and Sharing Your Thoughts Online
  Identified six factors driving online disinhibition and distinguished benevolent from toxic forms, providing the framework for understanding why screen-mediated communication doesn't automatically reduce social anxiety.
Sullivan, M.B., Erb, M., Schmalzl, L., et al. (2019). Yoga Therapy and Polyvagal Theory: The Convergence of Traditional Wisdom and Contemporary Neuroscience for Self-Regulation and Resilience. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 67.
Cited in
- Yoga for Anxiety: What 25 Years of Research Actually Shows
  Provided mediation evidence that vagal tone improvements explain yoga's anxiety reduction, identifying the mechanistic pathway rather than just correlation.
Sun, Y., Rau, P.P., & Ma, L. (2014). Understanding Lurkers in Online Communities: A Literature Review. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 110-117.
Cited in
- LinkedIn and the Anxiety of Professional Self-Promotion Online
  Confirmed that perceived risk to professional reputation is the strongest predictor of passive versus active participation in professional networking contexts.
Sung, Y.K., Li, L., Blake, C., et al. (2016). Association of Hearing Loss and Loneliness in Older Adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 28(6), 979-994.
Cited in
- When Sounds Feel Like Too Much: Sensory Overwhelm and Anxiety After 60
  Found that self-reported noise difficulty, more than audiometric severity, predicted which social activities older adults abandoned.
Sunnafrank, M. & Ramirez, A. (2004). At First Sight: Persistent Relational Effects of Get-Acquainted Conversations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(3), 361-379.
Cited in
- The Self-Introduction Formula: Three Versions for Any Situation
  Found that conversational content can override initial visual impressions through predicted outcome value updating, showing that a good introduction can redirect first-impression trajectories.
Surwit, R.S., Pilon, R.N., & Fenton, C.H. (1978). Behavioral Treatment of Raynaud's Disease. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1(3), 323-335.
Cited in
- Your Hands Run Cold When You're Anxious: Here's How to Use That
  Demonstrated that thermal biofeedback training produced significant voluntary finger temperature increases, establishing the bidirectionality principle central to this article.
Suvinen, T.I., Reade, P.C., Kemppainen, P., Kononen, M., & Dworkin, S.F. (2005). Review of Aetiological Concepts of Temporomandibular Pain Disorders: Towards a Biopsychosocial Model for Integration of Physical Disorder Factors with Psychological and Psychosocial Illness Impact Factors. European Journal of Pain, 9(6), 613-633.
Cited in
- Jaw and Neck Release: Dissolving Where Anxiety Hides Overnight
  Linked masseter hypertonicity specifically to suppressed anger expression rather than generalized anxiety, connecting jaw tension to the evolutionary fight response.
Suzuki, A., Josselyn, S.A., Bhatt, D., Frankland, P.W., Masushige, S., Silva, A.J., & Bhatt, D. (2004). Memory reconsolidation and extinction have distinct temporal and biochemical signatures. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(20), 4787-4795.
Cited in
- Why Revisiting a Painful Memory Can Actually Help It Lose Its Power
  Demonstrated boundary conditions on reconsolidation, showing that some older or stronger memories may resist post-retrieval destabilization.
Swann, W.B. (1983). Self-Verification: Bringing Social Reality into Harmony with the Self. Social Psychological Perspectives on the Self, 2, 33-66.
Cited in
- Having People Over: The Particular Anxiety of Being the Host
  Explained how people seek self-confirming feedback, predicting that anxious hosts selectively attend to negative cues while positive hosting experiences can powerfully update self-concept when they occur in the extended-self space of the home.
Sweeney, P.D., Anderson, K., & Bailey, S. (1986). Attributional Style in Depression: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 974-991.
Cited in
- Is It Actually Your Fault? A Simple Exercise for People Who Take on Too Much Blame
  Meta-analysis confirming reliable association between internal-stable-global attributional style and depression across 104 studies, establishing the empirical base for targeting attributional patterns.
Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257-285.
Cited in
- You've Been Asked to Speak With No Preparation Time — Here's What Your Brain Needs
  Established the cognitive load framework distinguishing intrinsic from extraneous load, providing the theoretical basis for why speaking frameworks reduce total cognitive demand by pre-solving the organizational component of impromptu speech.
- Meeting Contribution Scripts: Three Ways to Speak Up at Work
  Established the cognitive load framework explaining why pre-scripted contributions reduce anxiety: they offload working memory during high-arousal moments.
- Phone Call Scripts: Templates for the Calls You've Been Avoiding
  Provided the theoretical basis for why externalizing planning onto paper reduces the cognitive demands of complex tasks, explaining the mechanism by which scripts reduce phone anxiety.
- Email Templates: Stop Overthinking Every Send
  Established cognitive load theory distinguishing germane, intrinsic, and extraneous load, explaining why anxiety-driven monitoring during email composition degrades the quality of the message itself.
- Presenting to Senior Leaders: Managing Up Without Melting Down
  Established cognitive load theory, showing that structured formats reduce extraneous cognitive demands, the theoretical basis for why presentation frameworks help anxious speakers.
- Leading a Team Meeting: The Anxious Manager's Playbook
  Provided the cognitive load framework explaining why externalizing meeting structure to a written agenda frees working memory resources that anxiety otherwise consumes.
- The Return It Challenge: Retail Exchanges as Social Exposure
  Provided the cognitive load framework explaining why pre-scripting return phrases reduces extraneous load and prevents the working-memory overload that anxiety exploits during social interactions.
Swift, J.K., & Greenberg, R.P. (2012). Premature Discontinuation in Adult Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 547-559.
Cited in
- What If You Could Make Months of Progress in Days?
  Synthesized dropout data across 669 studies (N=83,834) establishing that treatment length predicts attrition, providing the statistical backdrop against which intensive formats' completion advantage becomes striking.
Swift, J.K., & Callahan, J.L. (2009). The impact of client treatment preferences on outcome: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(4), 368-381.
Cited in
- Medication Plus Therapy: Does the Combination Beat Either Alone?
  Found 50% lower dropout rates when patients received their preferred treatment, corroborating the preference-outcome relationship through an engagement mechanism.
Szabo, A. & Hopkinson, K.L. (2007). Negative Psychological Effects of Watching the News in the Television: Relaxation or Another Intervention May Be Needed to Buffer Them!. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 14(2), 57-62.
Cited in
- When the World Feels Too Much: Managing News and World-Event Anxiety in Later Life
  Demonstrated that negative news primes catastrophizing about personal worries unrelated to the broadcast, revealing the cross-domain anxiety transfer mechanism.
Szanton, S.L., Leff, B., Wolff, J.L., Roberts, L., Gitlin, L.N. (2016). Home-based care program reduces disability and promotes aging in place. Health Affairs, 35(9), 1558-1563.
Cited in
- Social Shrinkage: Why Older Adults' Worlds Get Smaller — and How to Stop It
  RCT of the CAPABLE multi-component program (OT + nursing + home modification) showing significant disability reduction for homebound older adults, demonstrating that addressing physical barriers enables social participation.
Szanton, S.L., Thorpe, R.J., Boyd, C., et al. (2011). Community Aging in Place, Advancing Better Living for Elders: A Bio-Behavioral-Environmental Intervention to Improve Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Disabled Older Adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(12), 2314-2320.
Cited in
- Learning to Receive: The Anxiety That Comes With Accepting Help
  Tested a multicomponent behavior and home repair intervention for low-income disabled older adults, establishing its effect size and acceptability for improving function and health-related quality of life.
Szanton, S.L., Leff, B., Wolff, J.L., Roberts, L., & Gitlin, L.N. (2016). Home-Based Care Program Reduces Disability and Promotes Aging in Place. Health Affairs, 33(9), 1614-1621.
Cited in
- Learning to Receive: The Anxiety That Comes With Accepting Help
  The CAPABLE randomized trial demonstrating that participant-directed home interventions produce sustained improvements in ADL functioning — proving that autonomy-preserving help works.
Szuhany, K.L., Bugatti, M., & Otto, M.W. (2015). A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 60, 56-64.
Cited in
- Why a Workout Is an Accidental Exposure Session
  Established that single aerobic exercise bouts increase BDNF by 20-30%, providing the molecular bridge between exercise and the extinction learning that underlies exposure therapy.
- The 20-Minute Walk: Minimum Effective Dose of Exercise for Anxiety
  Meta-analysis confirming exercise increases BDNF levels, supporting the neuroplasticity mechanism that may help the brain adapt to anxiety-provoking situations over time with regular exercise.
Szyf, M. (2009). Epigenetics, DNA Methylation, and Chromatin Modifying Drugs. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 49, 243-263.
Cited in
- It Runs in Families — But Not Like You Think: The Epigenetics of Anxiety
  Reviewed evidence that pharmacological agents targeting epigenetic mechanisms can reverse stress-related methylation patterns in adult animals, establishing the therapeutic accessibility of epigenetic marks throughout the lifespan.
Tabibnia, G., Lieberman, M.D., & Craske, M.G. (2008). The Lasting Effect of Words on Feelings: Words May Facilitate Exposure Effects to Threatening Images. Emotion, 8(3), 307-317.
Cited in
- Why Saying 'I'm Anxious' Out Loud Makes Exposure Work Better
  Showed that labeling emotional images during initial viewing reduced emotional responses during re-exposure even without labeling, demonstrating that the regulatory effect persists beyond the labeling moment.
Tache, Y. & Bonaz, B. (2007). Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors and stress-related alterations of gut motor function. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117(1), 33-40.
Cited in
- Why Anxiety Hits Your Stomach First: The Seconds-to-Minutes Gut Response
  Mapped the dual CRF pathways (central and peripheral) that drive opposite motility effects in the stomach versus colon during acute stress, providing the mechanistic foundation for this article's first takeaway.
Taddio, A., Ipp, M., Thivakaran, S., et al. (2012). Survey of the Prevalence of Immunization Non-Compliance Due to Needle Fears in Children and Adults. Vaccine, 30(32), 4807-4812.
Cited in
- The Dentist, the Doctor, the Needle: Helping Kids Through Medical Anxiety
  Documented that 63% of children report needle fear and linked needle fear to vaccination non-compliance, establishing the public health significance of addressing this anxiety.
Taddio, A., McMurtry, C.M., Shah, V., et al. (2015). Reducing Pain During Vaccine Injections: Clinical Practice Guideline. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 187(13), 975-982.
Cited in
- The Dentist, the Doctor, the Needle: Helping Kids Through Medical Anxiety
  Provided the evidence-based clinical practice guideline recommending topical anesthetics, comfort positioning, and the CARD framework for pediatric needle procedures.
Tagliazucchi, E., Carhart-Harris, R., Leech, R., Nutt, D., & Chialvo, D.R. (2014). Enhanced Repertoire of Brain Dynamical States During the Psychedelic Experience. Human Brain Mapping, 35(11), 5442-5456.
Cited in
- Psychedelics and Anxiety: What the Johns Hopkins Trials Actually Found
  Showed that the psilocybin state shares computational properties with REM sleep, including reduced default mode constraint and high neural entropy, providing a physiological parallel for the brain state that enables therapeutic change.
Takahashi, H., Yahata, N., Koeda, M., et al. (2004). Brain Activation Associated with Evaluative Processes of Guilt and Embarrassment: An fMRI Study. NeuroImage, 23(3), 967-974.
Cited in
- The Biology of Embarrassment: Why Your Body Makes the Worst Moments Worse
  Demonstrated that embarrassment specifically activates Theory of Mind regions (right mPFC, left precuneus) rather than fear circuits, establishing embarrassment as fundamentally a social cognition event rather than a threat response.
Tamaki, M., Bang, J.W., Watanabe, T., & Sasaki, Y. (2016). Night watch in one brain hemisphere during sleep associated with the first-night effect in humans. Current Biology, 26(9), 1190-1194.
Cited in
- Holiday Anxiety Is Real: Why Celebrations and Travel Stress Out Anxious Kids
  Documented the first-night effect: one brain hemisphere maintains heightened vigilance during sleep in unfamiliar environments, explaining why anxious children sleep poorly in holiday settings.
Tamir, M. & Diener, E. (2008). Approach-Avoidance Goals and Well-Being: One Size Does Not Fit All. Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation, 32, 290-300.
Cited in
- Anxiety-Aware Goal Setting: Building a Life Worth Being Nervous For
  Extended the approach-avoidance framework cross-culturally, showing approach temperament predicts greater well-being independent of culture and achievement, positioning the orientation as a fundamental motivational dimension.
Tamir, D.I. & Mitchell, J.P. (2012). Disclosing Information About the Self Is Intrinsically Rewarding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(21), 8038-8043.
Cited in
- The Self-Introduction Formula: Three Versions for Any Situation
  Found that self-disclosure activates the discloser's own nucleus accumbens and VTA reward circuitry, showing that sharing personal information is intrinsically rewarding to the person doing the sharing.
Tan, E.J., Xue, Q.L., Li, T., Carlson, M.C., & Fried, L.P. (2006). Volunteering: A Physical Activity Intervention for Older Adults -- The Experience Corps Program in Baltimore. Journal of Urban Health, 83(5), 954-969.
Cited in
- Showing Up for Others, Showing Up for Yourself: Why Volunteering Does Something Real for Anxiety
  Demonstrated that Experience Corps volunteers showed increased physical activity compared to controls, establishing volunteering as an incidental activity intervention.
Tang, F., Morrow-Howell, N., & Choi, E. (2010). Why Do Older Adult Volunteers Stop Volunteering?. Ageing & Society, 30(5), 859-878.
Cited in
- Showing Up for Others, Showing Up for Yourself: Why Volunteering Does Something Real for Anxiety
  Barrier analysis identifying health limitations, transportation, and 'not being asked' as the three primary obstacles to older adult volunteering.
Tangney, J.P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D.J. (2007). Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345-372.
Cited in
- The Bystander's Dilemma: Why Anxiety Stops You From Helping
  Established the empirical distinction between guilt (behavior-focused, motivates repair) and shame (self-focused, motivates withdrawal), providing the framework for understanding how anxiety converts constructive guilt into destructive shame.
Tangney, J.P. & Dearing, R.L. (2002). Shame and Guilt. Guilford Press.
Cited in
- The Biology of Embarrassment: Why Your Body Makes the Worst Moments Worse
  Provided the developmental and longitudinal framework showing that embarrassment-proneness correlates with empathy, perspective-taking, and prosocial behavior, establishing that the social-cognitive machinery underlying embarrassment serves adaptive functions.
- How to Apologize in a Way That Actually Repairs Things
  Full review of shame versus guilt research demonstrating that guilt is consistently associated with more constructive interpersonal behavior and better repair outcomes across relationship types.
Tangney, J.P., Miller, R.S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D.H. (1996). Are Shame, Guilt, and Embarrassment Distinct Emotions?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1256-1269.
Cited in
- Sing in Front of Someone: Why This Small, Terrifying Thing Is One of the Best Practices
  Empirically distinguished shame from embarrassment along intensity, duration, and withdrawal dimensions, explaining why singing avoidance is shame-driven rather than embarrassment-driven.
Tangney, J.P. (1999). The Self-Conscious Emotions: Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, and Pride. In Dalgleish, T. & Power, M. (Eds.), Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, Wiley.
Cited in
- Sing in Front of Someone: Why This Small, Terrifying Thing Is One of the Best Practices
  Provided the comprehensive taxonomy distinguishing shame as identity-level threat from embarrassment as situational discomfort, directly applicable to understanding chronic singing avoidance.
Tangney, J.P., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness to Shame, Proneness to Guilt, and Psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(3), 469-478.
Cited in
- How to Apologize in a Way That Actually Repairs Things
  Established empirically that shame-proneness predicts externalized blame and reduced repair motivation, while guilt-proneness predicts approach-based relational repair — the core distinction driving the over/under-apologizing section.